Which statement is true regarding codes of ethics?

The statement that codes should have a high tolerance for self-criticism is one that underscores an essential aspect of ethical practice. Codes of ethics are designed to guide professionals in making moral decisions and often encompass broad principles intended to foster integrity, accountability, and transparency. A high tolerance for self-criticism within the context of a code means that individuals and organizations are encouraged to reflect critically on their actions and the values that inform those actions.

This approach aligns with the understanding that ethical dilemmas can be complex and that one's commitments to ethical standards may sometimes be challenged by situational dilemmas, biases, or unforeseen consequences. By promoting an environment where self-criticism is valued, codes of ethics help ensure that professionals are willing to reassess their decisions and practices—not just to comply with a set of rules—but to truly embody the ethical principles they advocate.

In contrast, codes of ethics do not typically provide very specific guidance for every possible ethical issue, as this would be impractical due to the diverse contexts in which ethical dilemmas can arise. The idea that codes apply universally without distinction fails to recognize the nuances of different professional fields and the varying ethical challenges they present. Finally, while codes of ethics may serve as foundational documents, they are not always the